{"id":59016,"date":"2023-07-21T11:39:33","date_gmt":"2023-07-21T09:39:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/at3w.com\/?p=59016"},"modified":"2023-07-21T12:10:18","modified_gmt":"2023-07-21T10:10:18","slug":"how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says\/","title":{"rendered":"How lightning is formed: what science says"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says\/#Lightning_formation_in_thunderclouds\" >Lightning formation in thunderclouds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says\/#Connection_of_the_downward_and_upward_tracers_forming_the_cloud-to-earth_ray\" >Connection of the downward and upward tracers forming the cloud-to-earth ray<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says\/#Science-based_smart_lightning_protection\" >Science-based smart lightning protection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says\/#Related_news\" >Related news<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>Lightning is an atmospheric electrostatic discharge caused by the accumulation of electric charge in clouds. These discharges occur when the dielectric breakdown of the air occurs when a particular electric field value is exceeded. Consequently, an ionised channel is generated in a plasma state that facilitates charge transfer between two points. Scientific knowledge of how lightning is formed should be used to optimise lightning protection systems.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study of lightning and related phenomena involves different branches of physics, from atmospheric physics to plasma physics and quantum electrodynamics. To date, the exact mechanism by which lightning is generated in clouds is not fully understood, nor is the mechanism by which lightning strikes a certain point. However, despite the difficulties in studying these atmospheric discharges, more and more information is becoming available from observations and measurements. [1].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following is a summary of what science says about how lightning is formed, focusing in particular on cloud-to-ground lightning because of its relevance to thunderstorm protection.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lightning_formation_in_thunderclouds\"><\/span><strong>Lightning formation in thunderclouds<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storm clouds are usually of the cumulonimbus type and form when conditions are right for the cloud to grow vertically. Cumulonimbus clouds are gigantic heat engines that convert solar energy into the mechanical energy of air currents and the electrical energy of lightning. [2], [3].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When storm clouds form, the balance of positive and negative charges in the atmosphere is broken, as the polarisation of electric charges takes place. Thus, the lower part of the clouds becomes negatively charged, inducing a positive charge on the ground and the elements above it. Thus, an electric field of up to tens of kilovolts is generated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cloud acquires electric charge through various electrification mechanisms. The main one is thought to involve collisions between millimetre-sized particles of soft hail or graupel and small ice crystals in the presence of supercooled water droplets. Supercooled water is characterised by the fact that it is not frozen despite the temperature below 0 \u00b0C [1]-[4].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the full details of the discharge microphysics processes that generate the tracers and the processes that produce the electric fields necessary to generate lightning are not yet available. Thus, the physical mechanism (or mechanisms) by which atmospheric discharges are initiated within thunderstorm clouds has not yet been resolved. This is because, after decades of measuring the electric field within clouds, an electric field sufficient to trigger discharges has not been detected, at least according to the current scientific consensus [1].<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Connection_of_the_downward_and_upward_tracers_forming_the_cloud-to-earth_ray\"><\/span><strong>Connection of the downward and upward tracers forming the cloud-to-earth ray<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the ionisation electric field of the air is exceeded, the air can turn from an almost perfect insulator into a conductive medium through which the cloud&#8217;s charge seeks the most direct path to the ground. A tracer or downward leader is then generated and leaves the cloud carrying part of its charge. It is also known as a &#8220;stepped leader&#8221; because it advances in discrete steps. In the cloud-to-ground lightning path, the downward leader can split into several branches. [2] and propagate in any direction, but always in jumps that depend on the current associated with that discharge.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the lightning is close enough to the ground, the electric field is raised to ground level and one or more grounded element points begin to discharge corona discharges [2]. [2]. These are electrical discharges produced by the ionisation of the gas surrounding a charged conductor. From them, upward leaders or tracers are generated. The first upward leader that reaches the downward leader will create a cloud-to-ground discharge path. In the final jump of the downward tracer, the direction is no longer random but determined by the upward tracer within reach.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When intercepted by an object, the current seeks the fastest path to ground generating a very high energy current pulse with an amplitude of tens or hundreds of thousands of amperes (return stroke). [2]. If the cloud is further charged after the return stroke, new arcs known as subsequent strokes may appear.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The recent observational study by Saba et al. [5] used a high-speed video camera to analyse the dynamics of leaders in a cloud-to-ground beam. . <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/raul-belda_lightning-protection-iot-activity-7044271241733517313-qchs\/?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=member_desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The video of this open-access publication is available online<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The assessed impact was recorded on 30 March 2021 and, from the video images obtained, 31 upward leaders from the surrounding buildings were found in the direction of the downward leaders. The upward leaders were characterised by straight and unbranching propagation, while the downward leaders were characterised by branching. <\/span><b>The upward leader that connected to the downward leader was three times faster than the rest of the 31 leaders detected<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a later publication, also observational, Saba et al. [6] analysed a previous impact (from 1 February 2017), intercepted by a lightning rod of a residential building. In this study, electric field, current and velocity measurements of the upward leaders were made using high-speed video cameras, an electric field sensor and current sensors installed on the lightning rods.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The authors observed that the upstream leaders responded to the different ramifications of the downstream leader, alternating their propagation and intensity. This intermittent pattern stopped just before the connection of the leaders, when all the downward tracers intensified and, consequently, the upward leaders became synchronised in their current pulses. [6].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the upward leaders induced by the downward tracers propagated at a more or less constant speed. <\/span><b>The upward leader connecting to the downward one was the fastest of all those generated<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, followed by the upward leader closest to the last jump or final jump. On the other hand, the upward leader connecting to the downward leader experienced an increase in velocity just before the final jump occurred, estimated to be at least 45 times higher than the average velocity of the upward leader. Likewise, <\/span><b>the highest DC current was measured on the upstream leader connecting to the <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">downstream<\/span><b> tracer <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[6].<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Science-based_smart_lightning_protection\"><\/span><strong>Science-based smart lightning protection<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientific knowledge of the lightning phenomenon is crucial for the optimisation of lightning protection systems. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/what-are-thunderstorms-and-how-are-they-formed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Streamer Emission devices (ESE Air Terminals)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are based on continuously emitting the upward tracer before any other object within their protection radius. Instead of being a random process as in the case of conventional protection, ESEs are characterised by controlling the emission of the tracer by adjusting it at the right time and thus allowing a larger area of coverage.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/smart-lightning\/dat-controler-remote-smart-air-terminal\/\"><b>The DAT CONTROLER\u00ae REMOTE<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> smart lightning conductor stands out in the ESE air terminals market, capable of self-assessing and communicating daily diagnostics via IoT connectivity. This ESE not only complies with the regulatory tests, performed consecutively on the same sample but is certified beyond the regulatory requirements to operate in adverse conditions of heavy rain, explosive atmospheres, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/at-research-center-a-laboratory-equipped-for-the-most-strict-lightning-protection-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AT Research Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has the best-equipped laboratory in Europe for the development and validation of our line of thunderstorm safety solutions. The AT Research Center team is made up of experts from multiple disciplines with extensive experience in different sectors to support the quality of our services and products in the <\/span><a href=\"\/?page_id=28500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smart Lightning<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> range with the most up-to-date knowledge. For this reason, at Aplicaciones Tecnol\u00f3gicas S.A. we are always up to date with advances in the understanding of the lightning phenomenon, while remaining at the forefront of technological development in the field of safety against electrical storms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you would like to contact our experts to learn more about the physics of lightning and the most advanced protection solutions such as DAT CONTROLER\u00ae REMOTE, you can do so by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/where-we-are-contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">following this link<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. You can also attend any of our free online trainings on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/training-webinars\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the webinars page<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>References<\/b><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 J. R. Dwyer and M. A. Uman, \u2018The physics of lightning\u2019, <em>Phys. Rep.<\/em>, vol. 534, no. 4, pp. 147\u2013241, 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V. Cooray, <em>An Introduction to Lightning<\/em>. Springer Netherlands, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Gomes, Ed., <em>Lightning<\/em>, vol. 780. Springer Singapore, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M. A. Cooper and R. L. Holle, <em>Reducing Lightning Injuries Worldwide<\/em>. 2019.<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M. M. F. Saba, D. R. R. da Silva, J. G. Pantuso, and C. L. da Silva, \u2018Close view of the lightning attachment process unveils the streamer zone fine structure\u2019, <em>Geophys. Res. Lett.<\/em>, vol. 49, no. 24, Dec. 2022.<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M. M. F. Saba, P. B. Lauria, C. Schumann, J. C. de O. Silva, and F. de L. Mantovani, \u2018Upward leaders initiated from instrumented lightning rods during the approach of a downward leader in a cloud\u2010to\u2010ground flash\u2019, <em>J. Geophys. <\/em><em>Res.<\/em>, vol. 128, no. 8, Apr. 2023.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-938469d084b866547\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-938469d084b866547 uvc-2310 \" data-hspacer=\"line_only\"  data-halign=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\"  data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-938469d084b866547 h2'  data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"desktop:26px;\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' ><h2 style=\"font-family:&#039;Montserrat&#039;;font-weight:800;color:#000000;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_news\"><\/span>Related news<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer line_only\" style=\"margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1.3em;height:4px;\"><span class=\"uvc-headings-line\" style=\"border-style:solid;border-bottom-width:4px;border-color:#f7a800;width:60px;\"><\/span><\/div><\/div>[vc_basic_grid post_type=&#8221;post&#8221; max_items=&#8221;3&#8243; item=&#8221;43456&#8243; grid_id=&#8221;vc_gid:1689932386351-d5e77822-02e8-6&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lightning is an atmospheric electrostatic discharge caused by the accumulation of electric charge in clouds. These discharges occur when the dielectric breakdown of the air occurs when a particular electric field value is exceeded. Consequently, an ionised channel is generated in a plasma state that facilitates charge transfer between two points. Scientific knowledge of how lightning is formed should be used to optimise lightning protection.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":59000,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5569,5549],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59016","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lightning-rods","category-smart-lightning-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Electrical storms: How lightning is formed: what science says - AT3w<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientific knowledge of how lightning is formed should be used to optimise lightning protection against electrical storms.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/at3w.com\/en\/blog\/how-lightning-is-formed-what-science-says\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Electrical storms: How lightning is formed: what science says - 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